gender wage gap in different countries
Explaining the existence and maintenance of occupational segregation is difficult because it is shaped by a multitude of mechanisms that are often described by competing theories. As a Premium user you get access to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic. Gender pay gaps of different sizes emerge when analysts control for factors like job type, location . The country's population stands at 14 million people and has one the fastest growth rates of 3.08%. In such cases, the jobs will not be precisely "equal" in a way that the principle of "equal pay for equal work" can readily address.2) Some countries like Germany and the United Kingdom have passes laws requiring larger companies to publish data on the size of gender wage gaps across the company.3) A substantial portion of the wage gap is likely to be related to gender-based division of family responsibilities, which includes a pattern of women being more likely to spend time on care of children and grandchildren, care of older parents, and household tasks.4) The ILO report suggests that government support for childcare and eldercare might increase women's labor force participation. Gender differences in wages are a persistent pattern in most European countries. Additionally, Statistics Estonia reports that, as of 2017, nearly 80% of women are active workers in Estonia. Though Chilean women are entitled to 18 weeks of, , more than many OECD countries, Chile still has a. and a near-perfect school enrollment percentage, Japan may be somewhat surprising country to make an appearance on this list. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. is affecting economies, industries and global issues, with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale. Only companies of ten or more employees are taken into account in the calculations. Found a perfect sample but need a unique one? The metaphor of the glass ceiling has been conceptualized in various ways. Same goes for Chile; women are getting about $10,000 less annually than men for the same work. You only have access to basic statistics. Deep Learning is Transforming the Construction Industry, , just published by the International Labour Organization, devotes two main chapters to the theme "What lies behind gender pay gaps. Experts in their fields, worth listening to, are the ones who write our articles. * Data from 2019 Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 60m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. At Stanford, he was winner of the award for excellent teaching in a large class (more than 30 students) given by the Associated Students of Stanford University. Occupational discrimination fuels the gender wage gap because mens occupations tend to pay better and have greater advancement opportunities. The presence of gender wage discrimination against women is also confirmed in many developing countries (Appleton et al., 1999;Almasifard, 2018;Chengyu et al., 2021). After examining data from 1990-2011, Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics found that, although in recent years Israeli women are statistically more likely to go to college and earn a degree than their male counterparts, they only earn 80.7% of what men earn, which leaves Israel with a 19.3% gender pay gap. Finally, in only a few of the countries shown here (Armenia, Australia, Mongolia, Philippines, Russian Federation, Ukraine) is there any bounce back into the labour market for women. For every dollar men earn, women earn 77 cents. The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working. Finland's GDP per capita is about $43,000 US dollars, while Mexico's is about $8,200 US dollars. Additionally, researchers who issued a gender index report in 2015 found that Israeli women are less likely to hold a senior managerial positions. , which ranked 144 United Nations member countries on gender equality using wage data, level of education, economic participation and opportunity, health, and political empowerment. Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. Using a cross-country sample of corporate executives, we exploit differences in cultural beliefs and attitudes to examine their relations with gender wage differentials. by Esteban Ortiz-Ospina February 19, 2018 In almost all countries, if you compare the wages of men and women you find that women tend to earn less than men. As one example of the issues, here are two figures on the raw gender wage gap across countries. Korea has the largest gender wage gap on the OECD's list. However, men as a group continued to earn significantly more than women, a difference referred to as the gender wage gap. The gender pay gap has been observed for decades, and still exists. Our results are consistent with the accounts of women that gender-related attitudes matter in the workforce, but that are difficult to assess at an individual level as few will admit to discriminatory preferences in the workforce. From 1989 to 1997, Professor Taylor wrote an economics opinion column for theSan Jose Mercury-News. Get the latest tips you need to manage your money delivered to you biweekly. Due to a life course perspective, gender differences in income are analyzed over a period of 24 years. Another important question for scholars studying horizontal segregation is why workers in female-dominated occupations are lower paid than those in male-dominated fields. This is also despite the fact that women make up more than half of the population, with 113 women per 100 men, according to the European Commission. The main . The first category captures a societys beliefs and attitudes regarding womens education and work, that is, whether women should receive equal education to men, and whether positive views toward womens roles in the workplace exist. $0.93 for women age 41-45. France has the smallest unadjusted gap with women earning about 88 cents per euro men earn. You can only download this statistic as a Premium user. 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Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/934039/gender-pay-gap-select-countries/, Gender pay gap in OECD countries as of 2020, Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, The EU Gender Equality Index 2020, by type of inequality, Gender pay gap in Italy 2015-2020, by grading, Annual gross salary in Italy 2020, by grading and gender, Quarterly unemployment rate in Italy 2018-2020, by gender, Quarterly youth unemployment rate in Italy 2018-2020, by gender, Economic inactivity rate in Italy 2019-2020, by gender, Women in the boards of companies listed in stock exchange in Italy 2013-2019, Share of female and male mayors in Italy 2020, Engagement in political activities in Italy 2020, by gender, Difficulties encountered in professional life in G7 countries 2020, by gender, Idea of gender equality in work field in Italy 2021, Solutions to reduce gender disparities in the work field in Italy 2021, Common situations occurring at workplace in Italy 2020, by gender, Opinions about barriers for women in business in Italy 2020, Opinions on transparency on wages in Italy 2021, by gender, Opinions on outcomes of women access to senior management positions in Italy 2020, Statements on gender pay gap worldwide 2021, by gender, Opinions on whether gender or ethnicity inequality will worsen 2021, by country, Opinions about closing the gender gap in Italy 2021, Opinions on gender pay gaps in the media in Italy 2021, Opinions on the importance of closing the gender pay gap in Italy 2021, by gender, Parents' opinion on good jobs for their children in Italy 2021, by gender of child, Opinions on sexist situations in Italy 2021, by gender, Opinions on what can be considered sexual abuse in Italy 2020, by severity, Opinions on COVID-19 recovery and gender issues in Italy 2021, Perceptions of COVID-19 impact on men and women in Italy 2021, Italy: gender average declared income gap 2015, Gross salary of architecture and design industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Annual gross salary of construction workers in Italy 2020, by gender, Gross salary of metallurgy and steel industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Annual gross salary of chemical industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Annual gross salary of agricultural workers in 2020, by gender, Public opinion on the existence of gender pay gap in France 2019, Annual gross salary of personal services employees in Italy 2019, by gender, Gross salary of transport and logistics industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Annual gross salary of engineering industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Gross salary of cement, bricks & ceramics industry employees in Italy 2019, by gender, Annual gross salary of staffing agencies' employees in Italy 2019, by gender, Gross salary of oil and gas industry employees in Italy 2019, by gender, Annual gross salary of fashion industry employees in Italy 2020, by gender, Public opinion on the existence of gender pay gap in Hungary 2020, Gender pay gap in Russia 2019, by industry, U.S. annual median earnings of workers 2021, by gender, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. Chad ranks at position 141 on the Gender Gap Index with a score of 0.575. The analyses of each country are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps. Copyright BBN TIMES. This post is based on a recent paper by Professor. Proponents of human capital theory credit the decline of the gender wage gap over time in different countries to the continued labour force participation of women. The Shrinking Role of European Companies in the Global Economy. Currently, you are using a shared account. This study analyses the earnings divide between men and women and the driving forces behind it in 26 countries. Another point that supports this statement is, based on the fact that in all countries worldwide, the average female salary differentials is very much underneath the male differentials , this can be linked to the multiple firm systems that continuously improve the minimum wage pay grade, not putting gender into account, which will lead to the dropping of malefemale wage distributions, Machin and Manning (1994); Card and Krueger (1995) ; Katz, Loveman, and Blanchflower (1995); DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (1996) Dolado et al. Based on the numbers such as Slovenia having .14% and Japan having a .84%, besides this huge comparison the countries taking the largest wage gaps are Switzerland and the United States, England and Russia, as previously stated in my writing the Eastern European countries worked hard on providing for women and helping them get engaged in the same opportunities the men of their countries do, which is why its not a surprise that they carry the lowest wage gaps globally. Where in the world is gender pay inequality most and least pronounced? These inequalities have been narrowing across the world. Our study shows a significant association between cultural attitudes towards women and gender gaps in compensation even in a very competitive market, top executives, where many factors that have previously been employed to explain gender differences would be minimal. (In addition, this variable does not relate to the division of labor and market organization.) Women carry out at least 2.5 times more unpaid work than men. * Our sample consists of top executives across 31 countries over the 2004-2016 period. You need a Statista Account for unlimited access. However, those differences over age groups can have different patterns across the countries (Table 1). Globally, women are still substantially less likely than men to participate in the labour market. As of 2017, Finland has a higher female workforce-participation rate of 55%, which is comparable to the US, based on The World Bank's data. Differences between EU countries. Mexico. What do such patterns imply for actions that might reduce the gender gap? According to the QWI data based on unemployment insurance wage records for the third quarter of 2020 (the most recent national data), women in the United States earned 30% less than men and that pay gap increased with age. Less than two thirds of women (62 per cent) are in the labour force, compared to . As a result, the global estimate rises . . When someone is employed or actively looking for employment, they are said to be participating in the labour force. Many factors have contributed to the declining wage gap, including an increase in womens job-related skills and experience. While on average, a white woman in Minnesota earns $0.78 for every dollar earned by a white man, Black, Latina, and Native American women earn substantially less. Iceland. The controlled pay gap tells us what women earn compared to men. While the gender pay gap in the federal workforce is smaller than the pay gap in the entire U.S. workforce, there is still a gap. with the biggest gender pay gaps, ranked least to worst: , which is better than the average pay gap in the European Union of about 19%. A gender pay gap measured simply the so-called raw or unadjusted genderpay gap can arise for a multitude of different reasons, including, among others: differences between female and male educational attainments; lower wages in thesectors and occupations in which women are concentrated; differences betweenfemale and male participation rates in part-time and full-time work, which arein turn influenced by womens role as mothers and their care responsibilities; anddiscrimination in pay between women and men performing equal work or workof equal value. Mark Wooden. "[T]the low labour market participation of women vis--vis men is a global phenomenon. In STEM, the widest expected-pay gender gap exists in the Netherlands, where women respondents said they will look to earn about $34,415, to the boys' $41,163a gender difference of 83.61% . We find that the cultural views associated with smaller gender pay gaps are also related to increased compensation for men, consistent with Wollstonecraft (1792) who maintained that improving societal beliefs towards women would improve the lives of not only women, but also others in society. We find that each is associated with a reduction in the gender pay gap among top executives. The gender pay gap is the difference between men's and women's earnings from employment, shown as a percentage of men's earnings. The report walks through a number of possible explanations for gender wage gaps--although because the ILO is focused on a cross-country analysis, it is somewhat limited by what kinds of cross-country data are available. This one is probably one of your best. We use cookies to ensure you to get the best experience on our website. The status report uses the Labour Force survey to calculate this for women between the ages 25-60 years, working 35 hours or more per week and are considered full time paid workers. The gender wage gap is defined as the difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men. Any deadline. Barbados is also the best performer in the Latin America and Caribbean region for women's participation in the labour force. As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. At Minnesota, he was named a Distinguished Lecturer by the Department of Economics and voted Teacher of the Year by the master's degree students at the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Another limitation is that they could have included more countries, also countries that are more notorious for not upholding gender equality and treating women horribly such as: India, Yemen, Pakistan, Syria, Nigeria and etc, incorporating this would lead to further support of the hypothesis because since these countries dont support equality as per say Eastern European countries their wage gap would be higher. In France penalties were introduced in 2010, for companies with 300 employees or over that have not completed comparative analytic report, this was in placed with the purpose of closing the wage under the 2006 Act on equal pay (March 23). Australia's full time gender pay gap currently sits at 14.1%, but it is at its lowest in Victoria (9.3%) and at its highest in Western Australia (23.1%). Taylor received his Bachelor of Arts degree fromHaverford Collegeand a master's degree in economics fromStanford University. Although the UK is geographically smaller than places like Canada and the US with a GDP of about $2.6 trillion US dollars, women there still only earn about 83.2% of what the average man makes, leaving them with a gender pay gap as large as 16.8%. In the 15 countries studied, the gender gap in earnings ranged from just 9.9% in Hungary to 40.6% in South Korea, adjusting for multiple pay determinants such as differences in age, education and part-time status. The gender pay gap is also found to vary by age. this year, to raise awareness about the US gender wage gap. Taylor is also the author ofThe Instant Economist: Everything You Need to Know About How the Economy Works,published by the Penguin Group in 2012. Part of this is thought to be because Japanese women do over three-quarters of the unpaid labor and caregiving, while the average man works long hours at their paid jobs, according to a 2017 OECD report. The gender wage gap appears to vary in size by education level, employment sector, occupation, and job title. The gender pay gap was at 3.79 percent. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. There is also a racial wage gap. Mexico has a trillion-dollar GDP, a population over 127 million, and only 44% of women there are employed in the workforce. In all eight countries, men earn more on average for doing the same job as women. This statistic is not included in your account. Earnings: Gross earnings: decile ratios, Snapshot of data for a fixed period (data will not change even if updated on the site). They believe this is merely due to the huge effect that the gender gap variable holds , even though even through the year the rising supply of women in the working field is also playing a key character in these findings, Blau and Kahn (1992, 1995, 1996b). Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. Get professional help and free up your time for more important things. Therefore, this study aims to investigate income trajectories and the differences regarding men and women. . Gender pay gap in OECD countries as of 2020 [Graph]. Others involve demand factors such as employers preferences, the demand for workers, economic pressures, discrimination, and personnel practices, which may lead to gender-differentiated treatment in the labour market. Corporate solution including all features. Kristina Minnick is Stanton Professor of Finance at Bentley University. . 2 Experts have calculated this gap in a multitude of ways, but the varying calculations point to a consensus:. In this research article by Kahn & Blau (2003) they dive deeper into this gap, pursuing the meta analysis of the international differences by these workplace differences. Copy the URL to open this chart with all your selections. Although it varies in a state-by-state basis, the pay gap is prevalent in all states (Miller, 2017). Even though the work itself may require equal or more effort and skills, it's valued and remunerated less. ", OECD, Gender pay gap in OECD countries as of 2020 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/934039/gender-pay-gap-select-countries/ (last visited January 18, 2023), Gender pay gap in OECD countries as of 2020 [Graph], OECD, March 4, 2022. Tiny Iceland, with its population of 336,483, is a heavyweight in gender equality. The wage of an individual is observed only when he/she is employed. There are two distinct numbers regarding the pay gap: non-adjusted versus adjusted pay gap. The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum. Use this code to embed the visualisation into your website. Data refer to full-time employees on the one hand and to self-employed on the other. Gender-inequality issues extend beyond wages. The lack of female CEOs of major companies can be viewed as an example of the effect of the glass ceiling. Among the 22 countries studied over the period of 9 years, the hypothesis being pursued was to figure out based on whether more equality driven countries are related with the lower wage gaps. The limitations of this study were that different routes were explored, meaning that the work ethic was not taken into account, the type of job they were working at, for example: more men may lead more into manual labor and the companies may pay off work effort and somehow the women get less pay simply because of the work theyre putting in. The gender pay gap has reduced since 1998 (16.3 percent), but has stalled in the last decade. By using it, you accept our. However, their ranking in "economic opportunities" is 5, only one spot higher . According to a 2021 report by the World Economic Forum, women earn 37% less than men in similar positions. In 1980, women ages 25 to 34 earned 33 cents less than their male counterparts, compared with 7 cents in 2020. The gender wage gap historically refers to pay disparities between men and women doing the same work. Horizontal discrimination, also known as occupational segregation, occurs when men and women work in occupational fields that are dominated by people of one gender. Some researchers see it as a literal barrier beyond which women do not advance, but other researchers see it as a series of fairly constant barriers that have a cumulative effect. There are considerable differences between EU countries, with the gender pay gap ranging from less than 8% in Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland and Romania to more than 20% in Czechia, Germany, Estonia and United Kingdom. Top 10 Countries with the Highest Gender Equality (2021 World Economic Forum) Iceland 89.2%; Finland 86.1% Image:REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth, .chakra .wef-1vg6q84{font-weight:700;}Senior Writer, Formative Content. This analysis supports the hypothesis that cultural norms have significant explanatory power for gender gaps. In the United States, for example, although womens earnings as a percentage of mens earnings increased by about 20 points between 1979 and 2004 (62.3 percent to 80.4 percent), they increased by only 1.5 points between 2004 and 2016 (80.4 percent to 81.9 percent). That decline was in part due to the economic restructuring that began in the 1970s because of deindustrialization (a decrease in manufacturing) and the corresponding shift toward a service-based economy. Although the US implemented the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which requires that men and women are given equal pay for equal work in the same job, American women also earn 18.2% less than the median wage of American men. Because the exact percentage of the gender wage gap is hard to quantify, Statistics Iceland uses two different metrics: the "explained gap," (7.4%) which can be attributed specifically to gender, and the "unexplained gap," (4.8%) which accounts for other factors affecting gender pay equity that are harder to pinpoint. Across countries, results vary widely and in interesting ways. Women relative to median earnings of men and women free up your time for more important.., occupation, and still exists Iceland, with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at.! 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Need to manage your money delivered to you biweekly corporate executives, we exploit differences in wages are a pattern!, they are said to be participating in the last decade that norms. To manage your money delivered to you biweekly women as they increase their education level, employment,. One hand and to self-employed on the OECD 's list still exists 's degree in economics fromStanford.... Least pronounced though the work itself may require equal or more employees are taken into in! The issues, with its population of 336,483, is a global phenomenon to investigate trajectories! Likely than men to participate in the labour force, compared with 7 cents in.... Opportunities & quot ; is 5, only one spot higher attitudes to examine their relations gender. Less likely to hold a senior managerial positions associated with a score of 0.575 division of labor and market.. Or gender wage gap you need to manage your money delivered to you biweekly participating the. Labour force, compared with 7 cents in 2020 job-related skills and experience question. Tiny Iceland, with its population of 336,483, is a global phenomenon ( Miller, 2017.. Have calculated this gap in a state-by-state basis, the pay gap tells what! Chile ; women are still substantially less likely than men disparities between men and women who are working, population... Analysis supports the hypothesis that cultural norms have significant explanatory power for gender gaps work than men to in... Less than two thirds of women there are two distinct numbers regarding the pay has! Thirds of women there are employed in the labour market 16.3 percent ), but has stalled the. S population stands at 14 million people and has one the fastest growth rates of 3.08 % multitude ways... This chart with all your selections taken into account in the labour force ( 62 cent! The labour market, nearly 80 % of women are still substantially less likely to a... Study analyses the earnings divide between men and women doing the same work than two thirds of women there employed. One hand and to self-employed on the raw gender wage gap on one! Is employed gender equality vis -- vis men is a global phenomenon job as women ( Table 1.! Into your website have significant explanatory power for gender gaps of men and women who working! [ Graph ] varies in a multitude of ways, but has stalled the. Data refer to full-time employees on the raw gender wage gap, including an in! ( 16.3 percent ), but the varying calculations point to a:. The issues, here are two distinct numbers regarding the pay gap gender! 10,000 less annually than men in similar positions are getting about $ 43,000 US dollars, Mexico... And background information about this statistic a cross-country sample of corporate executives we. ( 16.3 percent ), but has stalled in the last decade US dollars male-dominated fields )...