science, the endless frontier citation

It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. This involves improved high school instruction, provision for helping individual talented students to finish high school (primarily the responsibility of the local communities), and opportunities for more capable, promising high school students to go to college. It is clear that if we are to maintain the progress in medicine which has marked the last 25 years, the Government should extend financial support to basic medical research in the medical schools and in the universities, through grants both for research and for fellowships. Use code FLASH at checkout. Reflecting on the reports legacy and relevance along with its limitations, Holt contends that the publics ability to cope with todays issuessuch as public health, the changing climate and environment, and challenging technologies in modern societyrequires a more capacious understanding of what science can contribute. There are certain kinds of research - such as research on the improvement of existing weapons -- which can best be done within the military establishment. Some small enterprises never receive any of the benefits. "By proceeding from point to point and taking stock on the way, by giving further opportunity to those who show themselves worthy of further opportunity, by giving the most opportunity to those who show themselves continually developing -- this is the way we propose. For reasons presented in this report we are entering a period when science needs and deserves increased support from public funds. July 1945 Creator United States, Office of Scientific Research and Development Contributor Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Language eng Work Publication Washington, National Science Foundation, 1960 Extent We have been directing the energies of our scientists to the development of weapons and materials and methods, on a large number of relatively narrow projects initiated and controlled by the Office of Scientific Research and Development and other Government agencies. New impetus must be given to research in our country. The classic case for why government must support sciencewith a new essay by physicist and former congressman Rush Holt on what democracy needs from science today. Much of the scientific research done by Government agencies is intermediate in character between the two types of work commonly referred to as basic and applied research. It is in keeping with the American tradition -- one which has made the United States great -- that new frontiers shall be made accessible for development by all American citizens. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. Like him, we need to be informed by history, not hamstrung by it. As a temporary measure the National Academy of Sciences has established the Research Board for National Security at the request of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. In planning the release of scientific data and experience collected in connection with the war, we must not overlook the fact that research has gone forward under many auspices -- the Army, the Navy, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, other departments and agencies of the Government, educational institutions, and many industrial organizations. Articles Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more; Catalog Explore books, music, movies, and more; Databases Locate databases by title and description; Journals Find journal titles; UWDC Discover digital collections, images, sound recordings, and more; Website Find information on spaces, staff, services, and more . A nuestro juicio, dicho documento aporta una primera teorizacin de la tecnociencia, entendida sta como . These groups are concerned with science as collateral and peripheral to the major problems of those Departments. Maintaining liaison with other scientific research agencies, both governmental and private, concerned with the work of the Division. Industry is generally inhibited by preconceived goals, by its own clearly defined standards, and by the constant pressure of commercial necessity. Science the Endless Frontier set forth two important dicta: One posits that basic science is performed without thought of practical use, to derive fundamental understanding. * * * So in the last analysis, the future of science in this country will be determined by our basic educational policy.". 4. The chairman of each Division should be appointed by the Members of the Foundation. Horgan is a prolific author and columnist for Scientific American, whose interview subjects included a list of scientists who might be seen as the most disruptive crew of the last three . Most of the information needed by industry and in education can be released without disclosing its embodiments in actual military material and devices. The trend is unlikely to be driven by changes in citation practices or the quality of published work. The extent of this contribution in turn depends on the creative spirit and talent which can be brought to bear within a research laboratory. Those ready for college training in the sciences have not been permitted to enter upon that training. These results have been achieved through a great amount of basic research in medicine and the preclinical sciences, and by the dissemination of this new scientific knowledge through the physicians and medical services and public health agencies of the country. Basically there is no reason to believe that scientists of other countries will not in time rediscover everything we now know which is held in secrecy. In this war it has become clear beyond all doubt that scientific research is absolutely essential to national security. Except to the extent that military security dictates otherwise, such knowledge should be spread upon the record for the benefit of the general public. The form is important. The Endless Frontier Act was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) by Under . Further, we cannot expect industry adequately to fill the gap. Universities may forgo the focus on quantity, and more strongly reward research quality 56 , and perhaps more fully subsidize year-long sabbaticals. Clearly the program should grow in a healthy manner from modest beginnings. By the same token these groups cannot be made the repository of the new and large responsibilities in science which belong to the Government and which the Government should accept. Businessmen would thus be able to make more use of research than they now do. Almost all Government scientific work has ultimate practical objectives but, in many fields of broad national concern, it commonly involves long-term investigation of a fundamental nature. Research will always suffer when put in competition with operations. Expenditures for scientific research by industry and Government -- almost entirely applied research -- have more than doubled between 1930 and 1940. In general we have held these principles well in balance. Any extension of medical facilities must be accompanied by an expanded program of medical training and research. The heart of the legislation will be the Endless Frontier Act (EFA), a bipartisan and bicameral bill that was first introduced to the previous Congress in May . This board should be composed of disinterested scientists who have no connection with the affairs of any Government agency. (4) Support of basic research in the public and private colleges, universities, and research institutes must leave the internal control of policy, personnel, and the method and scope of the research to the institutions themselves. "Naomi Oreskes, author of Why Trust Science? The possibility of an endless frontier is a consequence of an idea known as emergence. Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President V. Bush Published 15 September 2011 Engineering, Political Science View via Publisher biodiversitylibrary.org Save to Library Create Alert Cite 1,016 Citations Citation Type More Filters Bridging knowledge to commercialization: the good, the bad, and the challenging T. Baycan, R. Stough We could not suggest to you a program which would syphon into science and technology a disproportionately large share of the nation's highest abilities, without doing harm to the nation, nor, indeed, without crippling science. However, two decades into the 21. st century, the global environment for leveraging . Some of us know the vital role which radar has played in bringing the United Nations to victory over Nazi Germany and in driving the Japanese steadily back from their island bastions. * * * There is never enough ability at high levels to satisfy all the needs of the nation; we would not seek to draw into science any more of it than science's proportionate share.". . In addition, a detailed study, with recommendations concerning the extent to which modifications should be made in our patent laws is currently being made under the leadership of the Secretary of Commerce. Great advances in agriculture are also based upon scientific research. Science is fundamentally a unitary thing. We think it much the best plan, in this constitutional Republic, that opportunity be held out to all kinds and conditions of men whereby they can better themselves. off. Bush, Vannevar; Abstract. Without scientific progress the national health would deteriorate; without scientific progress we could not hope for improvement in our standard of living or for an increased number of jobs for our citizens; and without scientific progress we could not have maintained our liberties against tyranny. 5. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation. It is wholly probable that progress in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, cancer, and similar refractory diseases will be made as the result of fundamental discoveries in subjects unrelated to those diseases, and perhaps entirely unexpected by the investigator. "Kaye G. Husbands Fealing, Georgia Institute of Technology, "This is the welcome revival of arguably the most important document in the history of US science policy. We all know how much the new drug, penicillin, has meant to our grievously wounded men on the grim battlefronts of this war -- the countless lives it has saved -- the incalculable suffering which its use has prevented. More elaborate and expensive equipment is required, supplies are more costly, and the wages of assistants are higher. An important perspective from a physicist, policymaker, and advocate for science, Holt provides new insights to Vannevar Bushs text. It is important that the patent system continue to serve the country in the manner intended by the Constitution, for it has been a vital element in the industrial vigor which has distinguished this nation. During the same period expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased from $20,000,000 to $31,000,000, while those in the endowed research institutes declined from $5,200,000 to $4,500,000. We believe that our proposals will minimize that effect, but we do not think that it can be completely avoided. Two of those limitations are especially worthy of our attention. Nature of the Problem. Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research Vannevar Bush Normal Science Foundation, 1945 - 220 pages 0 Reviews Reviews aren't. After a program is under way perhaps 20 million dollars a year can be spent effectively. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. - The National Research Foundation should develop and promote a national policy for scientific research and scientific education, should support basic research in nonprofit organizations, should develop scientific talent in American youth by means of scholarships and fellowships, and should by contract and otherwise support long-range research on military matters. To enter into contracts with or make grants to educational and nonprofit research institutions for support of scientific research. Science, the Endless Frontier V. Bush Published 18 December 1999 Political Science, Economics Science, the Endless Frontier View via Publisher Save to Library Create Alert 1,023 Citations Particle physics in public: legitimising curiosity-driven research on the Higgs boson and beyond Chih-Wei Yeh Physics 2019 Highly Influenced Biddle Law Library The . We have a serious deficit in scientific personnel partly because the men who would have studied science in the colleges and universities have been serving in the Armed Forces. Subscribe to receive 40% off your first order, plus a free ebook or audiobook. We will not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and more attractive and cheaper products. The Armed Services should comb their records for men who, prior to or during the war, have given evidence of talent for science, and make prompt arrangements, consistent with current discharge plans, for ordering those who remain in uniform as soon as militarily possible to duty at institutions here and overseas where they can continue their scientific education. A desktop computer app that allows PDF reading is currently under development. Callon, M. 1986. The Army and Navy should continue to carry on research and development on the improvement of current weapons. New products and new processes do not appear full-grown. We find that papers and patents are . There is, however, a very real need for some measure of coordination of the common scientific activities of these agencies, both as to policies and budgets, and at present no such means exist. Vannevar Bushs Science, the Endless Frontier remains the touchstone for understanding how Americans regard basic research, why they pay for it, and what benefits they expect. The CHIPS and Science Act combines two bipartisan bills the Endless Frontier Act, designed to boost investment in domestic high-tech research and the CHIPS for America Act, designed to bring semiconductor manufacturing back to the U.S. Holts first-rate introduction to this new edition captures the key elements of the report, outlines its significance and fate, and considers its implications for our time. Oxford OX2 6JX It should be brought to the center of the stage -- for in it lies much of our hope for the future. 20 as a Science, the Endless Frontier Hardcover - February 2, 2021 by Vannevar Bush (Author), Rush Holt (Contributor) 20 ratings 3.9 on Goodreads 51 ratings Kindle $9.99 Read with Our Free App Hardcover $12.95 8 Used from $6.78 26 New from $7.98 Paperback $25.00 4 Used from $15.96 10 New from $25.00 The search for better anti-malarials, which proceeded at a moderate tempo for many years, has been accelerated enormously by Government support during the war. Discoveries pertinent to medical progress have often come from remote and unexpected sources, and it is certain that this will be true in the future. This again represents the ever continuing battle of techniques. CHAPTER 5. 13 13. Our ability to overcome possible future enemies depends upon scientific advances which will proceed more rapidly with diffusion of knowledge than under a policy of continued restriction of knowledge now in our possession. In making such appointments the Members should request and consider recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences which should be asked to establish a new National Research Foundation nominating committee in order to bring together the recommendations of scientists in all organizations. Overview []. Holts introduction takes seriously the idea that the United States is a democracy, and that scientists have a specific role to play in that democracy, which is not the same thing as saying that scientists should control science policy. Hoorah for Holt, for having the courage to take on this important, timely issue. Two great principles have guided us in this country as we have turned our full efforts to war. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. Office of Scientific Research and Development; Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Publication date 1960 Topics Science and state -- United States, Research -- United States Publisher Washington, National Science Foundation Collection The plan is, further, that all those who receive such scholarships or fellowships in science should be enrolled in a National Science Reserve and be liable to call into the service of the Government, in connection with scientific or technical work in time of war or other national emergency declared by Congress or proclaimed by the President. The Endless Frontier Act provides $100 billion over 10 years for the research, development, and commercialization of these technologies. This Report recommended that the federal government accept new responsibilities for promoting the flow of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in youth. In some countries comparable increases have been accompanied by famine. In this cooperative endeavour the pharmaceutical industry has played an important role, especially during the war. Only through such responsibility can we maintain the proper relationship between science and other aspects of a democratic system. These private sources should continue to carry their share of the financial burden. Placing the civilian military research function in the proposed agency would bring it into close relationship with a broad program of basic research in both the natural sciences and medicine. The Routledge Handbook of Literature and Space maps the key areas of spatiality within literary studies, offering a comprehensive overview but also pointing towards new and exciting directions of study. - This Division should be charged with encouraging the publication of scientific knowledge and promoting international exchange of scientific information. and instead cite the study itself. Such expansion should be directed to fields of inquiry and service which are of public importance and are not adequately carried on by private organizations. Figure 4 shows that all included studies presented low risk of bias to 'baseline characteristics,' but no study presented low risk of bias to 'allocation concealment,' 'random housing,' 'blinding for intervention,' or 'random outcome assessment.' Only one study presented low risk of bias to 'sequence generation.' - It should be the function of this Division to support long-range scientific research on military matters. All of these factors are of great importance in the development of new knowledge, since much of new knowledge is certain to arouse opposition because of its tendency to challenge current beliefs or practice. The decision that there should be a new and independent agency was reached by each of the committees advising in these matters. Between World War I and World War II the United States overtook all other nations in medical research and assumed a position of world leadership. doi: 10.17226/25990. Much of the information and experience acquired during the war is confined to the agencies that gathered it. Princeton, New Jersey 08540 The "Endless Frontier Act" would authorize over $100 billion for research into key technology like artificial intelligence, machine learning, supercomputing, semiconductors, robotics, and the like. Both the Bush and the Holt essays are well worth a read. To insure continued preparedness along farsighted technical lines, the research scientists of the country must be called upon to continue in peacetime some substantial portion of those types of contribution to national security which they have made so effectively during the stress of the present war * * *. Science, the endless frontier First published in 1960 Subjects Science and state , Influence , World War, 1939-1945 , Research Places United States Edit Science, the endless frontier This edition was published in New York. Many of the lessons learned in the war-time application of science under Government can be profitably applied in peace. In a compelling essay, Rush Holt helps us understand the broader context in which Bush prepared his now-famous report, and offers important insights into new considerations that should inform our discussions about science policy today. Copy link Link copied. This welcome new edition combines Vannevar Bush's classic text with an urgent essay by Rush Holt on what the model can and cannot do for us in the twenty-first century. We think as we think because we are not interested in setting up an elect. Close Dialog Download book. View All. These groups should remain where they are, and continue to perform their present functions, including the support of agricultural research by grants to the Land Grant Colleges and Experiment Stations, since their largest contribution lies in applying fundamental knowledge to the special problems of the Departments within which they are established. The development of the. We will update our FAQ page when it becomes available. The agency responsible for recommending the release of information from military classification should be an Army, Navy, civilian body, well grounded in science and technology. A broad dissemination of scientific information upon which further advances can readily be made furnishes a sounder foundation for our national security than a policy of restriction which would impede our own progress although imposed in the hope that possible enemies would not catch up with us. The public interest will normally be adequately protected if the Government receives a royalty-free license for governmental purposes under any patents resulting from work financed by the Foundation. As emergence our full efforts to war the possibility of an Endless Frontier Act was presented., for having the courage to take on this important, timely issue for the research, development, perhaps... The chairman of each Division should be composed of disinterested scientists who have no connection with the of. Sciences have not been permitted to enter upon that training believe that our proposals will minimize that effect, we! 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