cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. e55182. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. changing relative selection of prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the Hwange lion population at least for the primary prey. Sahara Desert Analyzed the data: ZD MV. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. Molua EL and Lambi CM. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. 2006. In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. Southern Africa We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. The lions of Botswana have the widest range of large prey species than anywhere else on the continent. In 51% of the faeces found at kill sites, one of the detected prey species was the same as the consumed species at that kill site (see also [4]). Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the local government primary school. Tsavo. Occasionally, falling water tables in the dry season cause a reversal of the hydraulic gradient and seawater intrusion. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Swakopmund, Namibia Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Cameroon can be seen at the Cameroon climate page. Hence male and female data were analysed separately. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. Windhoek For more information on the map see the, Land Cover Map of Cameroon, from the European Space Agency GlobCover 2.3, 2009. Unfortunately, it is also a country where wildlife is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures. Botswana is a water stress country which has fresh water resources between 1000-1700m 3 per person per year [1] [2] [3]. An improved water source over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others! Etosha Some seasonal patterns were suggested for secondary prey, however. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. : 19 192 m3/year, Per Capita in 2005 As in data were modified to ensure consistency with water resources data. and common mice (Mus spp.). Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon. The Lake Chad basin contains three main geological units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. 1). No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall. 23 Views. Kill investigation to study carnivore diet is biased towards larger species that are easier to detect using GPS data since predators will stay longer at a the kill of a larger prey animal, and using carcasses alone clearly underestimates the number of feeding events on small species, sometimes up to 50% [3], [4]. Juveniles were taken almost exclusively (Fig. (A) Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for the different prey species. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. For females, buffalo were followed by kudu (16%), the class medium Bovidae (13%), giraffe (12%), zebra (9%) and elephant (8%), together accounting for 91% of the prey detected (Table 1). 2017. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. Notwithstanding the fact that lions had visited the site, lion kills were confirmed using several supporting indicators including: lion tracks, hair and faeces, indications of a struggle visible in broken and trampled vegetation, the positioning of the carcass remains and the condition of any remaining hide bearing claw and bite marks typical of lion predation. 3B). Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . It is covered by 6 of the 8 main climatic units encountered in Cameroon (Kpoumi 2015) which are: (1) altitudinal tropical climate of the Adamawa; (2) mountainous tropical climate of the West;. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas . Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Seasonal geographic information on waterholes was available and allowed us to calculate for each kill the distance to the nearest waterhole containing water (distance-to-water) using ArcView 3.2 nearest neighbour extensions (ESRI 2004). 2). I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). Smithsonian's national zoo curtin 4 sources and specific techniques used in african history: The black umfolozi river is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat. PLoS ONE 8(2): Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. spesification Tsavo National Park - Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. April 20, 2022 It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally bounce these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. Your email address will not be published. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. 2011. 1). This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). 1998). A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. The importance of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [39]. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. In Douala, studies have shown nitrate pollution (Wirmvem et al. In the 19th century, soldiers of the Fulani Empire founded the Adamawa Amirate in the north of present-day Cameroon, while various other chiefdoms held power across other parts of the country. They pronk: bounce with all four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to be pure joy. 2009). The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. No seasonal difference in male lion diet was detected, due to the prime importance of buffalo throughout the year. 1). Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). In more rural areas, people walk great distances just to reach rivers. The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. Sossusvlei Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182, Editor: Matt Hayward, 7 Stunning African Honeymoon Destinations. This corresponds to periods when elephant herds are forced to travel long distances between water and forage and young elephants become weak and more vulnerable allowing lions to take advantage of their situation. Jacobs index ranges between 1 (highly avoided), 0 (used in proportion to availability) and 1 (highly selected). It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. cameroon water resources for lions. For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. Lion prey species found at kills classified in 8 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. (B) and (C) Jacobs index of seasonal preference to kill within 2 km of a waterhole for the different prey species for male and female lions respectively. Very high fluoride concentrations are seen in the southwest of the basin, causing dental fluorosis (Mafany and Fantong 2006). We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. Was established in 1996 and it is managed by the pvt. Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo. Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. The consequence of consumption of such poor quality water is the spread of related diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. Some groundwater in deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution. "An average of 300 people depend on the water source," says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. David W. 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Deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen gas!

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